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A popular model in risk management across domains as diverse as aerospace, healthcare, mining, and manufacturing, the Swiss Cheese Mo ... Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Sed tu istuc dixti bene Latine, parum plane. Quid ait Aristoteles reliquique Platonis alumni? Frater et T. Illud quaero, quid ei, qui in voluptate summum bonum ponat, consentaneum sit dicere. Duo Reges: constructio interrete. Miserum hominem! Si dolor summum malum est, dici aliter non potest. Re mihi non aeque satisfacit, et quidem locis pluribus. Tecum optime, deinde etiam cum mediocri amico. Conferam tecum, quam cuique verso rem subicias; At hoc in eo M. Possumusne ergo in vita summum bonum dicere, cum id ne in cena quidem posse videamur? Post enim Chrysippum eum non sane est disputatum. An, partus ancillae sitne in fructu habendus, disseretur inter principes civitatis, P. Atque haec coniunctio confusioque virtutum tamen a philosophis ratione quadam distinguitur. Sed audiamus ipsum: Compensabatur, inquit, tamen cum his omnibus animi laetitia, quam capiebam memoria rationum inventorumque nostrorum. Atque ab his initiis profecti omnium virtutum et originem et progressionem persecuti sunt. Nihil minus, contraque illa hereditate dives ob eamque rem laetus. Videsne quam sit magna dissensio? Omnes enim iucundum motum, quo sensus hilaretur. Ergo id est convenienter naturae vivere, a natura discedere. Etiam beatissimum? Primum quid tu dicis breve?
- Assume that human error will occur.
Reason’s work was premised on the id ...
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Non quam nostram quidem, inquit Pomponius iocans; Quod maxime efficit Theophrasti de beata vita liber, in quo multum admodum fortunae datur. Iam in altera philosophiae parte. Iubet igitur nos Pythius Apollo noscere nosmet ipsos.
The metaphor of Swiss Cheese has clearly resonated in safety and accident domains, though criticism has persisted. One of the prime criticisms is the simplistic nature of the metaphor that leaves it too generic and without value. Many point to the fact that Reason himself tried to expand his work with subsequent diagrams and papers which have not persisted like the Swiss Cheese Model. At worst, it's seen as a reductionist approach that was born from his period working as a consultant, at best it's seen as a tool he used to communicate important concepts, albeit relatively superficially, to management.
For example, some would argue the metaphor presents accidents as a linear occurrence, while in reality, they occur in dynamic and non-linear ways. This links to a broader criticism that it lacks a systems and dynamic view of problems, implying that each component, like a slice of cheese, can be altered and even fixed in isolation.
Another issue with the original diagram is how it continues to be interpreted so differently by practitioners. While some would argue that its broad definition allows for diverse agreement and application, others point to studies of practitioners who were revealed to have different understandings of what the model represents and what it means as a result.
Covid.
Below is Australian Virologist Ian Mackay’s repurposed version of the Swiss Cheese Model as it was applied to Covid mitigation.
Risk consultant Julian Talbot used this model to explain the devastation of the 2009 Australian bushfires in the diagram below.
Engineering.
Michigan Tech used this diagram to explore the safety elements in engineering, including a mitigation layer on the end.
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According to James Reason, his inspiration for this model came in the 1970s while he was making tea. He was distracted by his large insistent cat and absent-mindedly dolloped a large spoonful of cat food into the teapot. Reason was fascinated by the similarities of the tasks that led to his mistake and this deepened his research that culminated into his book A Life in Errors - From Little Slips to Big Disasters. He particularly was interested in the impact of mistakes with human-machine interaction, particularly in the high-stakes fields such as aerospace to nuclear power.
Others have noted that Reason had input from John Wreathall in developing what was essentially a building on traditional safety management thinking with an understanding of human error. Reason published the original work behind this model in 1990, then explored it more explicitly in the British medical journal in 2000, though it was several years before it was developed as the organisational accident model, and later known as the Swiss Cheese Model.
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